To begin with, fearful of a pro-Axis Spain possibly capturing Gibraltar and other strategic Mediterranean sites, Britain enacted a program at the outset of the war whereby shippers in every port around the world had to obtain clearance from the British consul for every shipment to Spain. They also determin e that the effectiveness of each phase depended largely on the goals of the nations imposing the sanctions and on the degree of accord between those nations. In doing so, the researchers identify three phases of sanctions. By analyzing month-by-month and product-by-product shipping records in the Spanish Archives, Caruana and Rockoff track the Allied economic pressures on Spain throughout the war. The Allies also feared Spain's re-exporting petroleum products, especially aviation fuel, to the Germans. Not least, the Allies wanted Spain to halt its exports to Germany of crucial raw materials, particularly tungsten, which was used in armor-piercing shells. They also hoped that sanctions would discourage Spain from allowing German spies to operate in Spain, that Spain would withdraw its 'volunteer' troops fighting alongside the Germans on the Eastern front, and that Spanish Dictator Francisco Franco would rein in his nation's virulently pro-Axis press.

Foremost among these was the Allies' desire that Spain remain neutral throughout the war. The United States and Britain imposed oil embargoes of various degrees against Spain for several reasons. 12228), researchers Leonard Caruana and Hugh Rockoff study records documenting the Allies' control of Spain's oil imports during World War II and find instructive answers.įranco was forced to seek accommodation with the Allies, and in return for an allotment of oil that amounted to about 80 percent of Spain's consumption before the Spanish Civil War, Franco acceded to the Allied demands for neutrality.

Transportation Economics in the 21st Centuryĭo economic sanctions levied by one nation against another for political purposes work? In An Elephant in the Garden: The Allies, Spain and Oil in World War II (NBER Working Paper No.

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